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成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识(2026 年)

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引用格式: 心血管代谢联盟. 成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识(2026年)[J/OL].中华心血管病杂志(网络版),2026,9: e1000200. http://www. cvjc. org. cn / index. php / Column /columncon/article_id/380. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn116031.2026.1000200.

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发布日期: 2026/02/25    浏览量: 13447 次

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成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识(2026 年)
05:16
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成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识(2026 年)
05:11

引言


2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)的主要危险因素之一,患病人数众多且增长迅速。血糖升高损伤血管促进ASCVD的发生和发展,因此重视T2DM及糖尿病前期人群的管理,在确诊糖代谢异常早期即对患者进行综合干预,将有效减少ASCVD的发生率、致死率与致残率[1]。随着大量流行病学与干预性临床研究结果的公布[2‑6],使得不仅从理论上、更从实践中对糖代谢异常与ASCVD行共病管理成为可能。为此,由内分泌代谢病学、心血管病学和流行病学等多学科专家发起,在系统分析总结国内外心血管病和糖尿病领域最新研究进展的基础上,结合近年来国内外相关领域指南撰写了本共识,系《中国成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识(2023)》更新版本,旨在为心血管内科、内分泌科、肾内科和全科医学科医师提供临床实践指导意见,以提高共病管理水平,改善患者心血管健康与结局[7]。

共识制订流程


一、共识使用者及目标人群
本共识的适用对象为各级医疗机构的医师、护士、执业药师等医务与科学工作者,同时也适用于需要进行糖代谢异常管理的心血管病患者。

二、共识制订工作组
本共识由来自心血管病学、内分泌学、肾脏病学、消化病学、营养学及流行病学等领域专家共同组建的共识工作组负责制订。共识制订工作于2025年3月启动,并于2025年10月定稿。

三、关键问题的遴选与确定
工作组在2023版共识基础之上,更新了高质量随机对照试验或meta分析证据,进一步突出中国人群特征,并积极引入新兴疗法与技术,经过多轮专家咨询、讨论和反馈,进一步确定了本共识的整体框架。

四、证据检索
针对最终纳入的各关键问题,按照人群、干预、对照和结局原则开展文献检索。检索数据库包括PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、中国知网、万方知识服务平台、中华医学期刊全文数据库及中国生物

医学文献数据库等。在筛选过程中,优先纳入当前指南、随机对照试验和样本量较大的研究。同时,还参考了糖尿病、ASCVD、肾脏病等领域的最新国际指南和共识。文献检索截止日期为2025年10月15日。

五、推荐意见的形成
专家组在证据检索与评价小组提供的国内外循证资料基础上,结合我国T2DM和糖尿病前期的临床现状,初步形成了针对各关键问题的推荐意见。专家组共进行了3轮讨论、反馈和修改,最终达成共识。需要特别说明的是,本共识不具备强制性,不作为医疗事故鉴定和医学责任认定的依据,仅为T2DM及糖尿病前期患者ASCVD的预防及规范化管理提供参考。

糖尿病前期和T2DM的定义及诊断标准


1.糖尿病前期:是指从血糖正常到糖尿病的中间阶段。糖尿病前期人群的定义为存在空腹血糖受损(impaired fasting glucose,IFG)和/或糖耐量受损(impaired glucose tolerance,IGT)或糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)范围为5.7%~6.4%。诊断标准见表1。

2.T2DM:是由遗传和环境因素共同引起的一组以高血糖为特征的临床综合征。诊断标准见表1。

糖尿病前期和T2DM的流行病学现状与疾病负担


一、我国糖尿病前期和T2DM的流行情况
目前,中国是世界上T2DM患病人数最多的国家之一,有超过2.33亿的糖尿病患者[8]。近20年来,我国糖尿病前期和T2DM年龄标化患病率呈增长趋势,其中T2DM年龄标化患病率从2005年的7.53%上升到2023年的13.67%[8]。2023年,T2DM所致伤残调整寿命年(years lived with disability,YLD)为19.06/千人[95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI):(18.58~19.54)/千人][8]。此外,糖尿病前期的流行率同样不容乐观,2018年我国糖尿病前期患病率已高达38.1%[9]。

我国T2DM的患病率存在年龄、性别、地区和民族的差异。50岁及以上男性中T2DM的加权患病率较高[10]。北方(尤其华北、东北)、东部地区的疾病负担最重,而西南及西北相对较低[8]。汉族人群T2DM患病率较高[10](表2[8‑15])。

与西方人口相比,我国T2DM的知晓率、治疗率和控制率均较低[16]。2018—2019年的调查结果显示,我国T2DM的知晓率为36.7%、治疗率为32.9%、控制率为50.1%[9]。

二、糖尿病前期和T2DM增加我国居民的死亡和经济负担及心血管疾病风险
1.糖尿病前期和T2DM导致的死亡负担:糖尿病前期人群的全因死亡率是非T2DM人群的1.13倍[17],成人T2DM全因死亡率为非T2DM成人的2倍[18]。据估计,T2DM已成为导致中国居民死亡的第8位主要病因[19]。一项中国的全国性队列研究结果显示,与血糖正常者相比,T2DM和糖尿病前期人群在40岁时的预期寿命平均缩短4.2年和0.7年,提示其对人群健康和寿命造成显著负担[20]。

2.糖尿病前期和T2DM导致的经济负担:T2DM的高患病率不仅影响了患者的健康状况,同时也给社会带来了严重的经济负担。数据显示,2020年我国T2DM相关的总经济成本为17 514亿人民币,占国内生产总值(gross domestic product,GDP)的1.58%,人均经济负担为1 617元,2030年预估增加到32 228亿人民币,占GDP的1.69%,高经济负担地区主要集中在东北和/或华北地区[21]。

3.糖尿病前期和T2DM对心血管疾病的影响:meta分析结果显示在校正了多种危险因素之后,与健康人群相比,中国糖尿病前期人群复合心血管疾病发生风险(包括冠心病和卒中等)增加11%~18%[17]。中国T2DM患者心血管疾病死亡风险是一般人群的1.90~2.26倍[22‑23],研究显示中国每年约有50万例心血管疾病死亡事件可归因于T2DM。2013—2019年间,在全部心血管疾病死亡人群中,糖尿病或糖尿病前期人群约占69%[20]。

糖尿病前期及T2DM患者的生活方式管理


一、生活方式管理推荐建议
1.优先选择低血糖生成指数碳水化合物(如全谷物),增加膳食纤维摄入。用不饱和脂肪代替饱和脂肪、避免摄入反式脂肪酸。

2.不推荐常规服用维生素或矿物质补充剂来控制血糖或改善T2DM患者的心血管风险。有微量营养素缺乏的患者,可根据营养状况适量补充。

3.不吸烟和戒烟,不建议饮酒。

4.每周至少应进行150~300 min中等强度有氧运动及2~3次抗阻练习。

5.推荐每日睡眠时长6~8 h。

6.推荐综合生活方式管理。


二、推荐理由
饮食管理是T2DM综合生活干预的基础[24‑25]。根据最新版中国居民膳食指南建议,一般人群碳水化合物的摄入推荐比例为总热量的50%~65%。进一步限制碳水化合物摄入量的饮食可能有助于T2DM患者的血糖控制[26]。考虑到我国T2DM患者的膳食习惯,建议大多数T2DM患者膳食中碳水化合物所提供的能量占总能量的45%~60%[27‑28]。T2DM患者的总膳食纤维、可溶性膳食纤维和非可溶性膳食纤维每增加1 g,卒中发生风险分别下降18%、52%和21%[29];总多不饱和脂肪酸、n‑3多不饱和脂肪酸和亚油酸与总死亡风险降低显著相关,而反式脂肪和来源于动物的单不饱和脂肪酸与较高的总死亡风险相关[30‑31];补充n‑3多不饱和脂肪酸可降低T2DM患者甘油三酯和炎症因子水平[32‑34]。坚果摄入与T2DM患者心血管病发生和死亡风险降低显著相关[35]。此外,大型前瞻性队列研究发现,较高的血清维生素D水平与T2DM患者心血管和微血管并发症、痴呆、全因死亡和心血管病死亡风险下降呈显著的剂量反应关系[36‑40]。同时,较高的血清硒水平与T2DM患者心血管病死亡及全因死亡风险下降呈线性剂量反应关系[41],而血清叶酸过低、维生素B12水平的高或低都与T2DM患者心血管病死亡风险升高显著相关[42]。最新的队列研究结果显示较高的血清β胡萝卜素水平与T2DM患者心血管疾病死亡风险增加显著相关[43‑44],然而目前尚缺乏能证实因果关系的临床干预研究的证据。精准营养管理在T2DM综合干预中的重要性日益凸显,通过依据患者个体代谢特征、遗传背景及营养状态实施针对性膳食策略,可能更有效地改善血糖控制并降低远期并发症风险[45‑49]。

规律的有氧运动训练与T2DM患者HbA1c水平的降低和心肺功能的提升存在关联[50‑52]。在T2DM患者和糖尿病前期人群中,吸烟与心血管病、微血管并发症、血糖控制不良和死亡风险的增加显著相关[53‑56]。戒烟可显著降低心血管病的发病与死亡风险。有研究结果显示,相较于吸烟者,戒烟超过6年的T2DM患者心血管并发症和全因死亡风险均显著降低,且体重变化不会影响长期戒烟的益处[57]。睡眠时间与T2DM患者的HbA1c水平、心血管病和死亡风险呈U型关系,睡眠时间过长(>8 h)或过短(<6 h)可能都不利于健康[58‑59]。此外,多项前瞻性研究表明,各种社会经济状态的T2DM患者,坚持健康的生活方式均与血管并发症、痴呆等风险降低相关[60‑61]。总体而言,在糖尿病前期和T2DM患者中,进行膳食、戒烟、限酒、规律的身体活动和睡眠等多方面的综合生活方式管理与心血管和微血管并发症、癌症和死亡风险的降低显著相关[56,59,62‑65]。

糖尿病前期及T2DM患者的体重管理


一、体重管理推荐建议
1.每年至少检测1次身高、体重以计算体重指数(body mass index,BMI),并测量腰围,评估体重变化趋势。

2.体重管理目标:BMI控制目标为18.5~23.9 kg/m2。BMI≥24.0 kg/m2(65岁以上老年人可放宽至BMI≥27.0 kg/m2)的糖尿病前期或T2DM患者应减重,减重干预期间建议每天保持500~700 kcal的能量负平衡,体重维持期间应该以达成能量平衡为目标。体重减轻5%~7%是体重管理的基本要求,如果以达成T2DM缓解为目标应该减重10%~15%[66]。对于低体重患者,应分析体重过低的原因并予以纠正、调整生活方式或降糖药物,以减少低体重带来的不良影响。

3.饮食管理和身体活动生活方式干预是体重管理的基础。

4.对于生活方式干预后体重仍不达标者,可进一步联合使用具有减重作用的葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽(glucose‑dependent insulinotropic polypeptide,GIP)/胰高糖素样肽‑1(glucagon‑like peptide‑1,GLP‑1)双受体激动剂、胰高血糖素(glucagon,GCG)/GLP‑1双受体激动剂、GLP‑1受体激动剂(GLP‑1 receptor agonist,GLP‑1RA)、钠‑葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(sodium‑dependent glucose transporters 2,SGLT2)抑制剂(仅限T2DM患者)或奥利司他。

5.BMI≥32.5 kg/m2且经过非手术治疗未能达到持续减重和改善并发症效果(包括高血糖)的T2DM患者,推荐代谢手术治疗;对BMI在27.5~32.4 kg/m2且经过非手术治疗未达到上述效果的T2DM患者,尤其存在其他心血管风险因素时,可慎重选择将代谢手术作为一种治疗方式;对BMI在25.0~27.4 kg/m2的患者,暂不推荐代谢手术。


二、推荐理由
肥胖,尤其是腹型肥胖(中心性肥胖),是ASCVD的独立危险因素。根据目前中国人群推荐的BMI分类标准,18.5≤BMI<24.0 kg/m2为正常体重,24.0≤BMI<28.0 kg/m2为超重,BMI≥28.0 kg/m2为肥胖;65岁以上老年人BMI适宜范围为20.0~26.9 kg/m2,80岁以上高龄老年人BMI适宜范围为22.0~26.9 kg/m2;而根据腰围的分类标准,男性腰围≥ 90 cm或女性腰围≥85 cm为腹型肥胖[67‑68]。

减重的目的不仅在于控制体重本身,更重要的是改善多重ASCVD危险因素,以减少ASCVD发病率和病死率[69‑72]。

减重膳食的组成原则为低能量、低脂肪、适量优质蛋白质、含复杂碳水化合物(如全谷类),增加新鲜蔬菜和水果在膳食中的比重[45‑46]。糖尿病前期人群采取地中海饮食或低碳水化合物饮食的模式,可以降低T2DM的发病风险[73‑74]。

GIP/GLP‑1双受体激动剂替尔泊肽的减重作用突出,研究显示肥胖的糖尿病前期人群使用15 mg剂量治疗176周,体重可减轻19.7%,进展至T2DM的风险降低93%[75],超重或肥胖的T2DM患者治疗40周,体重可下降8.5%~13.1%[76],内脏脂肪组织面积、肝脏脂肪含量也能减少[77]。血糖控制不达标的T2DM患者使用6 mg剂量的GCG/GLP‑1双受体激动剂玛仕度肽治疗20周,HbA1c较基线降幅为1.55%,体重较基线降幅为7.11%[78]。GLP‑1RA类药物中司美格鲁肽作用较强,使用2.4 mg剂量治疗52周,可使肥胖的糖尿病前期人群体重减少13.9%,糖代谢状态显著改善[79],使用1.0 mg治疗68周,超重或肥胖的T2DM患者体重下降6.9%[80]。利拉鲁肽3.0 mg剂量治疗160周,肥胖的糖尿病前期人群体重减轻6.1%[81];利拉鲁肽1.8 mg治疗56周,超重或肥胖的T2DM患者体重可下降4.7%[82]。SGLT2抑制剂类药物属中等强度,可使体重减轻1.6%~4.9%。其他口服降糖药中,二甲双胍和阿卡波糖有轻度的减重效果。

与强化生活方式干预和降糖药物治疗相比,代谢手术治疗在减轻肥胖T2DM患者的体重,以及改善血糖、血脂和血压等代谢指标方面亦有优势,还可以显著降低糖尿病大血管及微血管并发症的发生风险,降低肥胖相关肿瘤的发生风险[67‑69]。

T2DM患者体重过低会引起免疫力低下、骨折风险增加、影响生殖功能等诸多问题[83‑85]。针对低体重T2DM患者,在管理上需采取多方面调整:饮食方面,建议逐步提高每日总热量摄入;运动方面,宜选择强度较低的运动方式;药物选择上,应停用可能导致体重下降的降糖药物,可改用具有促进胰岛素分泌或增强胰岛素敏感性、有助于增加体重的口服降糖药,或考虑转为胰岛素治疗;若患者因合并其他慢性病导致低体重,则应同时针对相关慢性病进行治疗。此外,对于合并肌少症的患者,规律的体育锻炼配合营养补充有助于改善身体成分与肌肉力量。

糖尿病前期及T2DM患者的血糖管理

一、血糖管理推荐建议
(一)糖尿病前期和T2DM的筛查
通过空腹血糖、口服葡萄糖耐量试验及HbA1c检测对无症状成人进行T2DM筛查。

1.超重或肥胖成人(BMI≥24.0 kg/m²),具有以下任一危险因素:(1)一级亲属患有T2DM;(2)心血管疾病史;(3)高血压[血压≥140/90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)或正在接受降压治疗];(4)高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL‑C)<0.9 mmol/L和/或甘油三酯>2.8 mmol/L;(5)多囊卵巢综合征患者;(6)缺乏身体活动;(7)其他胰岛素抵抗相关临床状况[如黑棘皮病、代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease,MASLD)]。

2.有妊娠糖尿病史者需至少每1~3年检测1次。

3.一般人群应从35岁开始筛查[86‑87]。

(二)糖尿病前期人群T2DM的预防
1.改善生活方式是基础。

2.二甲双胍应作为首选预防用药。若二甲双胍不耐受、治疗无效或存在使用禁忌时,可考虑使用阿卡波糖。

3.对于糖尿病前期合并肥胖患者,可考虑使用GLP‑1RA。

(三)T2DM患者的血糖管理
1.多数非妊娠成人T2DM患者血糖控制目标:(1)HbA1c控制在<7.0%;(2)餐前毛细血管血糖控制在4.4~7.2 mmol/L,餐后毛细血管血糖峰值控制在<10.0 mmol/L。对于预期寿命有限或治疗风险大于获益的患者,可设定较宽松的血糖控制目标。

2.生活方式干预是基础:见“糖尿病前期及T2DM患者的生活方式管理”章节。

3.药物治疗:(1)对于初治的T2DM成人患者,可考虑起始联合治疗以更快达到个体化治疗目标。(2)合并ASCVD或心血管风险高危人群,治疗方案应包含经证实有心血管获益的降糖药物(如GLP‑1RA和/或SGLT2抑制剂)。(3)对于合并心力衰竭的T2DM成人患者,建议使用SGLT2抑制剂。(4)对于合并肥胖及症状性射血分数保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)的T2DM成人患者,推荐使用具有血糖管理和改善心力衰竭症状双重获益证据的GLP‑1RA。(5)对于合并慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)的T2DM成人患者,建议使用SGLT2抑制剂或有获益证据的GLP‑1RA。(6)无其他特殊治疗考量的T2DM患者,二甲双胍可以作为常规的一线降糖药物。(7)二甲双胍与GLP‑1RA、SGLT2抑制剂联合使用是合理的。(8)其他降糖药物可根据血糖控制的需求个体化地应用。(9)对于出现高血糖症状,或HbA1c/血糖极高(如HbA1c>10%或血糖≥16.7 mmol/L)的T2DM成人患者,应考虑胰岛素起始治疗。(10)对于已合并ASCVD或心血管高危且血糖水平相对稳定的T2DM成人患者,仍应考虑加用具有心血管获益证据的降糖药物(GLP‑1RA和/或SGLT2抑制剂),并在血糖控制允许的情况下,减少或停用缺乏心血管获益的其他降糖药物,以实现心血管风险的长期管理。


二、推荐理由
多项大型随机对照试验证实,强化生活方式干预能有效预防或延缓T2DM发生[88‑90],并改善其他心血管代谢风险因素(如血压、血脂和炎症指标)[91]。

对于T2DM患者,碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪的理想热量比例并不存在,研究证实多种饮食模式均适用于T2DM管理[92‑94],最常推荐的模式包括地中海饮食、高血压防治计划(dietary approaches to stop hypertension,DASH)饮食、低脂饮食和江南饮食等。关于碳水化合物最佳摄入量的研究尚未达成共识,但低碳水化合物和极低碳水化合物饮食模式已被证实可降低HbA1c并减少降糖药物需求[95‑96]。膳食纤维可调节肠道菌群组成并增加肠道微生物多样性,定期摄入足够的膳食纤维与T2DM患者全因死亡率降低相关[97‑98]。用多不饱和脂肪替代饱和脂肪可降低T2DM患者心血管事件风险[99],而反式脂肪与较高的总死亡风险相关[100]。此外,若无明确营养素缺乏,T2DM患者使用草本、维生素或矿物质补充剂均无临床获益[101]。

在T2DM患者中,中高强度有氧运动均能显著降低心血管及全因死亡风险,持续8周以上的结构化运动可使HbA1c降低0.66%,且不依赖BMI变化[50]。同时,鼓励T2DM成人患者每周进行2~3次非连续日的抗阻训练,现有证据支持抗阻训练对老年T2DM患者有降糖效果[102],并证实有氧与抗阻联合运动对成年T2DM患者具有协同降糖作用[103]。

对于糖尿病前期人群,预防用药二甲双胍具有较高的有效性和安全性[104],在BMI≥35.0 kg/m²人群及25~44岁年轻人群中,二甲双胍对降低高风险人群的T2DM患病率与生活方式干预相当[90]。对于无其他特殊治疗考量的T2DM患者,二甲双胍具有疗效确切、安全性好等优势,并能降低微血管并发症、心血管事件和死亡风险[105‑107]。meta分析显示,在二甲双胍基础上加用各类新型非胰岛素口服药通常可使HbA1c降低0.7%~1.0%,而联用GLP‑1RA或GIP/GLP‑1双受体激动剂可使HbA1c进一步降低1%~2% [76,108‑109]。

SCALE研究和STEP 10研究证实,对于肥胖合并糖尿病前期的患者,利拉鲁肽3.0 mg或司美格鲁肽2.4 mg可显著降低体重并促进血糖恢复正常,其安全性与既往GLP‑1RA研究一致,提示GLP‑1RA可能通过降低T2DM风险带来健康获益[79,81]。对于合并ASCVD或心血管风险高危的T2DM患者,GLP‑1RA能够减少主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiac events,MACE),包括心血管死亡、非致死性心肌梗死和非致死性卒中[5,110‑111],对于ASCVD风险较低的患者,GLP‑1RA仍可能通过降低未来心血管事件风险带来获益[112],对于合并肥胖和HFpEF的患者,GLP‑1RA可显著减轻体重、改善心力衰竭症状,并在降低复合终点事件(死亡、心力衰竭事件、堪萨斯城心肌病调查问卷评分差异、6分钟步行距离差异)中呈现出优势[113]。此外,研究显示GLP‑1RA可降低不同肾功能状态的T2DM患者的血糖,且低血糖风险较低,研究还显示GLP‑1RA司美格鲁肽可改善CKD患者的心血管结局、死亡率和肾脏预后[114‑115]。

SGLT2抑制剂能够减少合并ASCVD或心血管高危风险的T2DM患者的MACE风险[2‑3],无论患者射血分数如何,其可降低T2DM患者心力衰竭发生率,并改善心力衰竭相关结局(包括心力衰竭住院及相关症状)[116‑119]。此外,针对T2DM合并CKD患者的专项肾脏结局试验证实,SGLT2抑制剂恩格列净、卡格列净和达格列净能显著延缓CKD进展并改善心血管结局[120‑122]。但需注意,当估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)< 45 ml/(min·1.73 m2)时,其降糖效果会减弱[123‑125]。

糖尿病前期和T2DM患者的血压管理


一、血压管理推荐建议
(一)危险分层
对糖尿病前期、T2DM合并高血压患者进行心血管风险分层,需综合考虑其他心血管危险因素[126]、靶器官损害和并发症,分层方法详见《中国高血压防治指南(2024年修订版)》[127]。

(二)降压目标
1.对于合并高血压的患者,应根据患者实际情况,个体化确定降压目标。糖尿病前期合并高血压患者,若为心血管风险低危/中危,血压控制目标为< 140/90 mmHg,若能耐受,建议控制在<130/80 mmHg,若为心血管风险高危/极高危,在可耐受的前提下,血压控制目标为<130/80 mmHg。T2DM合并高血压的患者,推荐血压控制目标为<130/80 mmHg,对于已确诊ASCVD或伴有多个心血管危险因素的高危患者,在能够密切监测并管理不良反应(如低血压、电解质紊乱)的前提下,推荐将收缩压强化控制至<130 mmHg,并可考虑向120 mmHg的目标努力。

2.T2DM合并妊娠者,建议血压控制目标为 ≤135/85 mmHg[128]。

(三)降压方案
1.对于糖尿病前期合并高血压的中危患者,在改善生活方式的基础上,血压仍≥140/90 mmHg时,应启动药物治疗。

2.对于糖尿病前期合并高血压的高危和极高危患者,立即启动降压治疗。

3.T2DM合并持续血压≥130/80 mmHg的患者,在能耐受的情况下,可将血压降至低于此水平。

4.降压药物的选择:(1)推荐起始使用肾素‑血管紧张素‑醛固酮系统(renin‑angiotensin‑ aldosterone system,RAAS)阻滞剂[血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(angiotensin‑ converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blocker,ACEI/ARB)或血管紧张素受体脑啡肽酶抑制剂(angiotensin receptor‑neprilysin inhibitor,ARNI)]用于治疗T2DM合并高血压患者,尤其是伴有微量白蛋白尿、白蛋白尿、CKD、左心室肥大、冠心病及心力衰竭时。(2)当诊室血压≥160/100 mmHg或高于目标血压20/10 mmHg,以及高危患者或单药未达标的患者,应启动2种降压药物的联合方案。优先推荐RAAS阻滞剂联合钙通道阻滞剂或利尿剂降压,对伴有心率增快(静息心率>80次/min)或合并冠心病和心力衰竭者,可考虑加用β受体阻滞剂。在两药联合方案中,优先推荐单片固定复方制剂。(3)如血压仍不能控制达标,可考虑三联药物治疗,最佳的三药联合方案为:RAAS阻滞剂(ARNI或ACEI/ARB)+钙通道阻滞剂+利尿剂。(4)如已使用3种药物进行联合降压治疗后血压仍难以控制,药物治疗方面可加用盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂或α受体阻滞剂、手术治疗方面推荐可应用肾动脉去神经术(renal denervation,RDN),并应筛查继发性高血压,同时需评估降压药物方案的合理性(药物的种类与剂量)及患者服药依从性。

5.基于GLP‑1RA和SGLT2抑制剂的降压疗效,可以在T2DM合并高血压患者的降糖药物中优先考虑。

6.对于无明确心血管并发症的糖尿病前期人群,若无明确交感神经激活的表现(比如静息心率>80 次/min),应慎用β受体阻滞剂或噻嗪类利尿剂。

7.使用RAAS阻制剂(ARNI或ACEI/ARB)时,应监测血钾水平和肾小球滤过率。


二、推荐理由
T2DM和糖尿病前期患者中高血压的患病率高于血糖正常人群,高血压在T2DM、糖尿病前期和血糖正常人群中的患病率分别为55.5%、36.6%和25.0%,我国门诊就诊的T2DM患者中约30%伴有高血压[129]。

研究显示,相较于常规降压(收缩压<140 mmHg),强化降压(收缩压<120 mmHg)可进一步降低糖尿病前期人群复合心血管事件的发生风险,但增加T2DM的患病风险和空腹血糖异常发生率[130‑131]。但在基线血压≥140/90 mmHg的T2DM患者中,降压治疗能够减少心血管复合终点事件(非致死性心肌梗死、非致死性卒中、心血管死亡)并延缓蛋白尿和视网膜病变的发生发展;早期强化降压(收缩压<120 mmHg)并未进一步降低T2DM患者MACE风险[132‑133]。研究表明T2DM合并高血压患者的降压幅度与心血管事件发生呈U型曲线[134‑135],但这是在总体人群中的现象,高血压给T2DM患者带来的危害持续存在。结合最新研究,高风险患者经过精准风险分层后,强化降压组心血管事件风险显著下降,但亦需注意,多项研究的强化降压组平均血压为120~122 mmHg[136‑137]。由此,基于心血管风险的分层目标,建议高危患者可在密切监测下,将收缩压控制在<130 mmHg并努力接近120 mmHg,作为更加积极的管理方法。

不同类型降压药对糖代谢影响不同:RAAS阻制剂有可能减少新发T2DM风险,而阿替洛尔等β受体阻滞剂或噻嗪类利尿剂可能增加新发T2DM风险,钙通道阻滞剂对新发T2DM风险无影响[138]。对于同时合并冠心病或慢性心力衰竭(非急性心力衰竭发作期)的患者,建议使用β受体阻滞剂(注意监测心率,静息心率不应低于55次/min);合并急性心力衰竭者,可以考虑使用利尿剂。

在T2DM合并高血压的患者中,相较于ACEI/ARB,ARNI可进一步改善心脏重构、减轻蛋白尿;对于合并ASCVD或尿白蛋白肌酐比值(urine albumin‑to‑creatinine ratio,UACR)>30 mg/g的T2DM合并高血压的患者,RAAS阻制剂可显著减少心血管事件、延缓肾病进展[132,139‑140]。

GLP‑1RA和SGLT2抑制剂具有一定的降压作用,平均血压降幅分别为2.33 mmHg和2.89 mmHg[141]。在SGLT2抑制剂中,卡格列净降压作用最强(降低收缩压3.38 mmHg),之后为恩格列净(降低3.29 mmHg)。在GLP‑1RA中,司美格鲁肽、艾塞那肽(2次/d)、利拉鲁肽可使血压降低2.93~2.34 mmHg;艾塞那肽周制剂和度拉糖肽分别可降低收缩压1.7和1.34 mmHg。基于GLP‑1RA和SGLT2抑制剂的降压疗效,可以在T2DM合并高血压患者的降糖药物中优先选择。

糖尿病前期及T2DM的血脂管理


T2DM患者血脂异常的发生率明显高于非T2DM患者,主要表现为甘油三酯升高、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL‑C)轻度升高,含载脂蛋白B(apolipoprotein B,apoB)残粒升高,以及低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL‑C)水平[142]。我国T2DM患者血脂异常的达标率较低,一项关于全国范围内8 401例T2DM患者的横断面研究显示,血脂的达标率仅为23.9%[143]。

一、胆固醇管理
(一)推荐建议
1.糖尿病前期和T2DM患者心血管疾病的危险分层:(1)由于糖尿病前期仅轻度增加心血管疾病风险,糖尿病前期人群参照普通人群进行危险分层(详见《中国血脂管理指南(2023年)》[144])。(2)根据患者T2DM病程长短、是否合并ASCVD及主要靶器官损害,将T2DM患者分为高危、极高危和超高危组。分类方法见表3[145]。

2.糖尿病前期和T2DM患者LDL‑C控制目标:(1)建议糖尿病前期和T2DM患者根据心血管疾病危险分层确定LDL‑C控制目标值。(2)对于高危患者,LDL‑C控制目标为<2.6 mmol/L。(3)对于极高危患者,LDL‑C控制目标为<1.8 mmol/L且较治疗前降幅>50%。(4)对于超高危患者,建议LDL‑C尽快降至<1.4 mmol/L且较治疗前降幅>50%。

3.糖尿病前期和T2DM患者的降胆固醇治疗方案:(1)推荐40岁及以上的T2DM患者,无论基线胆固醇水平如何,均使用他汀类药物进行ASCVD一级预防。(2)中等强度他汀类药物应作为降胆固醇治疗的基础用药。(3)单用他汀类药物治疗后LDL‑C不达标者,建议联用胆固醇吸收抑制剂和/或前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素/kexin 9型(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,PCSK9)抑制剂。(4)他汀类药物不耐受者,建议使用PCSK9抑制剂和/或胆固醇吸收抑制剂,必要时可选用英克斯兰等半年长效药物。(5)他汀类药物禁用于妊娠期妇女。

(二)推荐理由
LDL‑C是糖代谢异常患者调脂治疗的首要干预靶点,其控制目标值由心血管危险分层决定。对于中危或高危患者,将LDL‑C降至2.6 mmol/L以下可显著降低心血管事件风险或全因死亡率[146]。对于极高危患者,LDL‑C降至1.4 mmol/L以下能进一步降低心血管事件风险[147‑148]。对于2年内再发MACE的超高危患者,可考虑将LDL‑C<1.0 mmol/L作为目标值且降幅较治疗前>50%[149‑150]。

他汀类药物是降低LDL‑C的一线用药,能显著降低T2DM患者的复合心血管事件和血运重建风险[151]。尽管他汀类药物可轻度增加T2DM风险[152‑154],但心血管净获益显著。胆固醇吸收抑制剂和PCSK9抑制剂经由不同途径降低LDL‑C,均具有明确的心血管获益,可作为他汀类降脂药的有效补充。研究显示:(1)在他汀类药物治疗的基础上,加用依折麦布可以降低T2DM合并ASCVD患者24%心肌梗死风险和39%缺血性卒中风险[71]。(2)对于他汀类药物联合依折麦布治疗后血脂仍不达标的极高危ASCVD患者(T2DM占比约30%),PCSK9抑制剂在进一步降低LDL‑C的同时更显著降低心血管事件风险[147‑148,155],且不增加新发T2DM风险[148,156]。(3)与糖代谢正常或糖尿病前期合并急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者相比,在他汀类药物治疗的基础上,短期联合PCSK9抑制剂强化降脂能使T2DM合并ACS患者心血管不良事件风险的绝对降幅更大[157]。(4)相较于非T2DM患者,合并T2DM的ASCVD患者(包括陈旧性心肌梗死、缺血性卒中、有症状的外周血管疾病)可从他汀类药物联合PCSK9抑制剂治疗中更多获益[156]。(5)早期使用他汀类药物联合PCSK9抑制剂的强化降脂治疗带来的保护作用可以长时间存在,且不增加糖代谢异常的风险[158]。作用于PCSK9位点的药物还包括小干扰RNA制剂英克司兰,其可靶向肝脏降解PCSK9信使RNA,进而减少其蛋白合成。全球大型Ⅲ期临床研究ORION‑9、ORION‑10、ORION‑11结果显示,每半年注射1次英克司兰可长久平稳地降低LDL‑C水平,降幅达到50%~55%[159‑161],且总体安全耐受性良好。相较于目前的PCSK9抑制剂,英克司兰可显著提高患者依从性[162‑163]。探索性终点分析显示英克司兰降低25%的心血管复合终点事件[164]。


二、甘油三酯管理
(一)推荐建议
1.对于轻‑中度高甘油三酯血症患者,推荐控制生活方式相关因素(肥胖和代谢综合征)和其他影响因素(T2DM、慢性肝病、CKD、肾病综合征和甲状腺功能降低)。

2.对于重度高甘油三酯血症患者,建议筛查导致甘油三酯升高的可能影响因素并予以降甘油三酯药物(如贝特类)治疗以降低胰腺炎风险。

3.对于合并ASCVD或者心血管危险因素且他汀治疗后LDL‑C达标的高甘油三酯患者,可考虑加用二十碳五烯酸乙酯以进一步降低心血管疾病风险。

(二)推荐理由
甘油三酯升高也会增加心血管事件风险[165]。对于T2DM患者高甘油三酯的管理,建议以改善生活方式为主,包括清淡和低糖饮食、加强体育锻炼、减重和戒酒等[166‑167]。对于轻‑中度高甘油三酯血症患者(空腹甘油三酯2.30~5.65 mmol/L),他汀类药物仍然是降脂治疗的首选[166]。对于高甘油三酯血症患者,若甘油三酯≥5.6 mmol/L时,可首选贝特类药物(或大剂量高纯度n‑3多不饱和脂肪酸)以降低急性胰腺炎的风险[168]。对于中度高甘油三酯血症合并ASCVD或者T2DM伴至少一种其他心血管危险因素的患者,在他汀类药物治疗的基础上加用二十碳五烯酸乙酯可进一步降低心血管复合终点事件风险[169]。对于在他汀类药物治疗的基础上,联合贝特类药物是否进一步有心血管获益仍无一致结论[170],有待于进一步研究。


三、脂蛋白(a)[lipoprotein(a),Lp(a)]管理推荐意见
(一)推荐建议
1.成年人终生至少规范检测1次Lp(a)水平。

2.Lp(a)水平与ASCVD疾病风险呈正相关关系,对于中国患者,Lp(a)>75 nmol/L者ASCVD风险显著增加。

3.对于Lp(a)升高的患者,强化生活方式干预、LDL‑C及其他危险因素控制是基础。

(二)推荐理由
Lp(a)水平高低与遗传因素密切相关(遗传因素影响占比>90%)。而T2DM患者Lp(a)水平与ASCVD风险呈正相关[171‑173]。目前,Lp(a)的药物治疗推荐与控制LDL‑C一致。

糖尿病前期及T2DM患者的抗血小板药物治疗


一、抗血小板药物使用的推荐建议
1.对于ASCVD高危患者,需在全面评估获益和出血风险的基础上谨慎考虑阿司匹林的使用,不推荐阿司匹林用于40岁以下和70岁以上患者的一级预防[175]。

2.建议使用小剂量阿司匹林(75~100 mg/d)用于ASCVD合并T2DM患者的二级预防,若不耐受则使用氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛和吲哚布芬替代。

3.无充分证据表明将P2Y12受体拮抗剂、吲哚布芬、西洛他唑及双嘧达莫用于T2DM患者ASCVD的一级预防有显著的临床净获益。

4.在急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)或冠状动脉支架置入术后1年内的患者使用双联抗血小板治疗(低剂量阿司匹林和P2Y12受体抑制剂)是合理的。

5.对于稳定性冠心病和/或外周动脉疾病且出血风险低的患者,可考虑采用阿司匹林联合低剂量利伐沙班,以预防肢体和脑血管事件。


二、推荐理由
T2DM患者采用阿司匹林一级预防可显著降低心血管事件的风险,但同时出血风险也增加,其绝对获益大部分被出血风险抵消[176]。meta分析显示,对于T2DM患者,阿司匹林一级预防显著增加大出血风险[177‑178]。

阿司匹林对ASCVD的二级预防作用已经非常明确[49]。在既往发生心肌梗死的T2DM患者中,相较于阿司匹林单药治疗,阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛可显著降低心血管事件风险、心血管死亡率和冠心病死亡率[179]。值得注意的是,在合并稳定性冠心病的T2DM患者中,延长双联抗血小板治疗时间虽然减少缺血事件发生率,但显著增加包括颅内出血在内的大出血的发生[180‑181]。因此,双联抗血小板治疗不推荐用于出血风险高的T2DM合并稳定性冠心病患者。对于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后采用(12±6)个月双联抗血小板治疗且未出现心血管事件的患者,继续长期使用氯吡格雷单药治疗较阿司匹林单药治疗的心血管事件发生率更低、出血事件发生率也更低,提示长期使用氯吡格雷单药治疗可能带来更多临床获益[180]。阿司匹林联合低剂量利伐沙班的双通道抗栓较阿司匹林单药显著减少T2DM合并稳定性冠心病或外周动脉疾病患者MACE[182],此获益主要来源于全因死亡、脑血管事件和肢体血管事件的减少。

T2DM合并ASCVD患者的并发症与合并症管理


一、CKD的管理
(一)推荐建议
1.对所有T2DM患者,自确诊时起,每年应至少进行1次CKD筛查,主要监测UACR和eGFR。对于已确诊糖尿病肾病的患者,应至少每6个月监测1次尿白蛋白和eGFR。若医疗条件允许或患者存在肾衰竭高风险,则应提高监测频率。当出现以下情况时:(1)血压控制不佳(血压>160/100 mmHg)或血糖控制不良(HbA1c>10%);(2)大量蛋白尿(>3.5 g/d)或合并肾病综合征;(3)接受肾素‑血管紧张素系统抑制剂(renin‑angiotensin system inhibitors, RASi)治疗者eGFR年下降>5 ml/(min·1.73 m2),未接受治疗者eGFR年下降>10 ml/(min·1.73 m2);(4)ACEI或ARB治疗禁忌证者;(5)eGFR< 45 ml/(min·1.73 m2)者;(6)出现CKD相关生化异常或临床症状者,应提高蛋白尿和eGFR监测频率。

2.对于糖尿病前期或T2DM合并CKD的患者,优先选择具有肾脏获益的药物,同时监测eGFR、UACR和血钾水平,并据此调整药物种类和剂量。

3.T2DM合并CKD、高血压和白蛋白尿的患者,可应用ACEI/ARB治疗,并将这些药物的剂量调整至最大耐受剂量。需注意,当T2DM合并CKD患者发生急性肾损伤时,需立即停用ACEI/ARB,以减少全因死亡风险。在充分考虑患者个体情况后无论HbA1c控制情况如何,降糖方案中应优先考虑具有心肾获益证据的降糖药物SGLT2抑制剂[eGFR≥20 ml/(min·1.73 m2)时]和GLP‑1RA。当存在已使用最大耐受剂量ACEI/ARB和SGLT2抑制剂但仍存在持续性蛋白尿者,或无法使用SGLT2抑制剂时,推荐给予有心血管获益的GLP‑1RA。在合并蛋白尿且eGFR≥25 ml/(min·1.73 m2)时应选用非甾体类盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂(non‑steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists,ns‑MRA)治疗,治疗前后需监测血钾及eGFR变化。使用SGLT2抑制剂前需告知患者:保持充足水分摄入,注意泌尿生殖道卫生,识别正常血糖性糖尿病酮症酸中毒的风险因素。若患者符合ns‑MRA的临床适应证,则不应替换为甾体类MRA,且应避免甾体类与非甾体类MRA的联用。

4.对于出现CKD的T2DM合并ASCVD的患者,在已接受生活方式干预且肾功能允许的情况下优先推荐肾三联疗法,即ACEI/ARB+SGLT2抑制剂+ns‑MRA。一般优先RASi(ACEI/ARB),后根据蛋白尿/血糖加用ns‑MRA或SGLT2抑制剂。若存在持续性蛋白尿则优先使用ns‑MRA,血糖控制差则优先使用SGLT2抑制剂。

5.对于使用二甲双胍的T2DM合并CKD患者,需每3~6个月监测肾功能,在eGFR<45 ml/(min·1.73 m2)时减量,eGFR<30 ml/(min·1.73 m2)时禁用。起始治疗应选择低剂量二甲双胍,根据血糖控制情况逐步滴定。对出现胃肠道不良反应者可考虑改用缓释剂型。对于存在易引发乳酸性酸中毒情况的患者,应避免使用二甲双胍。

6.对于使用胰岛素的T2DM患者,如合并CKD,患者低血糖风险增加,需减少剂量并密切监测。

7.避免使用部分二肽基肽酶‑4抑制剂(如沙格列汀增加心力衰竭风险)、磺脲类(格列本脲经肾排泄,eGFR低时禁用)。

8.建议对已确诊心血管疾病的糖尿病肾病患者使用他汀类药物进行二级预防。

9.不推荐常规使用低剂量阿司匹林用于糖尿病肾病患者ASCVD的一级预防。

(二)推荐理由
T2DM合并CKD、高血压和白蛋白尿的患者,推荐使用ACEI/ARB治疗。一项meta分析表明,当eGFR>30 ml/(min·1.73 m2)时,可推荐使用RAAS阻制剂(ACEI/ARB、ARNI)治疗[183];RAAS阻制剂是T2DM合并CKD患者的基础治疗,尤其对于同时合并高血压的患者,可进一步延缓蛋白尿的进展。一项来自日本的研究表明,当eGFR>15 ml/(min·1.73 m2)时,应将ARNI的起始治疗从小剂量开始滴定,建议起始剂量为100 mg/d[184]。即使eGFR为15~30 ml/(min·1.73 m2)时,仍可使用ACEI,然而,受到肾功能影响,此时ACEI的使用应避免采用大剂量,并需定期监测患者血肌酐及血钾变化[185]。但值得注意的是,大量的循证医学证据表明,在eGFR<20 ml/(min·1.73 m2)的患者中开始ACEI/ARB治疗可以预防肾功能衰竭替代治疗,而非死亡[186‑187]。2024年美国糖尿病协会专业实践委员会指出,起始应用ACEI、ARB或ARNI后,应在2周内和用药过程中定期监测血肌酐/eGFR及血钾,无容量不足的情况时,血肌酐轻中度升高(升高幅度≤30%)不应停药[188‑189]。若用药2个月内血肌酐升高> 30%应减量观察并探寻可能原因(如肾缺血、合并非糖尿病性肾病等),出现高钾血症应及时停药并对症治疗[190]。2025年一项临床研究表明,当T2DM合并CKD患者发生急性肾损伤时,需立即停用ACEI/ARB,以减少全因死亡风险[191]。

一项meta分析提示,在充分考虑患者个体情况后,无论HbA1c控制情况如何,降糖方案中应优先考虑具有心肾获益证据的降糖药物[eGFR≥20 ml/(min·1.73 m2)时]和GLP‑1RA[192]。2022年美国糖尿病协会和欧洲糖尿病研究协会指出,当存在已使用最大耐受剂量ACEI/ARB和SGLT2抑制剂仍存在持续性蛋白尿者,或无法使用SGLT2抑制剂时,推荐给予有心血管获益的GLP‑1RA[193‑194]。SGLT2抑制剂可改善T2DM合并肾脏病患者的预后[195],这种作用独立于其降糖效应存在,与其降低血压、减轻体重、减低肾小球囊内压、减少蛋白尿、延缓eGFR下降密切相关。GLP‑1RA也具有直接的肾脏保护作用,可改善肾脏预后[110,196‑198];处于透析阶段的T2DM合并CKD患者启动和继续进行GLP‑1RA治疗仍是安全的[199]。同时,非甾体选择性盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂非奈利酮可显著延缓伴有蛋白尿的CKD进展并降低心血管终点事件风险[200‑204]。

对于T2DM合并ASCVD的CKD患者,在已接受生活方式干预及肾功能允许的情况下优先推荐使用联合用药方案。2025年CONFIDENCE研究表明,肾三联疗法即ACEI/ARB+SGLT2抑制剂+ns‑MRA可显著降低尿蛋白/肌酐比值[205],同时可降低肾脏复合终点风险达50%,因此需序贯给药(间隔3~4周)以减少eGFR波动。一般优先使用RASi(ACEI/ARB),后根据蛋白尿/血糖加用ns‑MRA或SGLT2抑制剂。FIDELIO‑DKD的亚组研究表明,若存在持续性微量白蛋白尿,优先ns‑MRA,血糖控制差优先SGLT2抑制剂[206]。

对于存在易引发乳酸性酸中毒情况的患者,应避免使用二甲双胍,具体包括以下患者:活动性或进展性肝病;酗酒;不稳定或急性充血性心力衰竭;既往二甲双胍相关乳酸酸中毒病史;脓毒症等导致的组织灌注不足或血流动力学不稳定。有以下情况需临时停用二甲双胍:存在容量不足风险的急性伴随疾病; eGFR为30~60 ml/(min·1.73 m2)的患者在接受静脉造影检查时。

SAVOR研究提示二肽基肽酶‑4抑制剂(如沙格列汀)显著增加心力衰竭住院风险[207],而长期服用磺脲类可导致肾功能下降[208],比如eGFR低时禁用格列本脲,长期大量地服用格列本脲,最终会造成患者的低血糖和肾病,甚至导致死亡。

上述涉及药物对于肾脏保护作用的机制及注意事项见表4。


二、糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)管理
(一)推荐建议
1.对无视网膜病变且血糖控制良好的T2DM患者,每年进行1次视网膜检查。若存在视网膜病变,则视情况增加检查频率。需注意,已有大量循证医学证据表明,并非所有糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)患者都伴有DR,部分T2DM患者早期可能无DR表现,提示DR可作为T2DM患者DN的重要诊断依据,但并非必备条件[209‑210]。单独依赖DR进行DKD筛查可能会导致漏诊或误诊。此外,DR的进展可能受到多种因素的影响,如血糖控制、血压水平和遗传因素等,因此,需要综合考虑多种因素进行DN的筛查和诊断。

2.强化T2DM患者血糖、血压、血脂的综合管理,积极改善患者微循环功能障碍,可预防或延缓T2DM患者视网膜病变进展、缓解症状,但是已经有较重病变者不宜强化降糖。

3.对于合并高甘油三酯血症的患者,使用非诺贝特可延缓视网膜病变进展,但应用过程中需密切关注肾功能变化及不良反应,及时调整治疗方案。

4.可以考虑玻璃体腔注射抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)抑制剂作为损伤视力的视网膜黄斑水肿的治疗;也可用于一部分视网膜增殖性病变患者以替代光凝疗法。玻璃体内激素治疗可以作为第二选择。


(二)推荐理由
虽然强化降糖可以预防视网膜病变的发生,但是对于已经有非增殖性中度以上病变患者会加重视网膜病变甚至失明,因此较重病变者不宜强化降糖[211]。对于合并高血压的患者,降压治疗可以减少DR进展,但强化降压并没有带来进一步获益[212]。非诺贝特可以延缓高甘油三酯血症患者的DR进展,尤其是非增殖性DR[213‑214]。目前,通过改善微循环来防治DR是一个活跃的领域,多项临床研究正在进行[215],已完成的研究提示复方丹参滴丸可以延缓病情进展并改善症状[216‑217]。

玻璃体内注射抗VEGF抑制剂对延缓增殖性DR有效,对黄斑中心受累型糖尿病黄斑水肿的作用优于激光单一疗法;在视力保护方面不劣于全视网膜激光光凝治疗[218‑221]。但也需要看到,玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF药物对肾功能的影响仍有争议[222‑223]。抗VEGF药物的使用会增加心脏左心室舒张功能障碍和高血压的发生风险[224]。在患有糖尿病性眼病的参与者中,玻璃体腔内注射抗VEGF药物治疗的参与者的全因死亡率风险更高[223]。

皮质类固醇可通过多种机制产生抗炎作用,帮助修复视网膜屏障并减少渗出[225]。


三、糖尿病前期或T2DM合并心力衰竭的管理
(一)推荐建议
1.对于没有症状或者症状不典型的心力衰竭高危人群,推荐每年进行超声心动图和B型利钠肽/N末端B型利钠肽原(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP/N‑terminal pro‑B‑type natriuretic peptide,NT‑proBNP)检测,以筛查早期心力衰竭患者。

2.推荐使用SGLT2抑制剂以减少心力衰竭的发病及住院风险。

3.合并射血分数下降的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrEF)患者推荐联合使用“新五联”药物,包括RAAS抑制剂(优先使用ARNI或用ARNI替换ACEI/ARB)、有证据的β受体阻滞剂、醛固酮受体拮抗剂、SGLT2抑制剂和维立西胍。

4.合并射血分数轻度降低的心力衰竭(heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction,HFmrEF)患者推荐使用SGLT2抑制剂,必要时可联合使用ARNI/ACEI/ARB、醛固酮受体拮抗剂和β受体阻滞剂。

5.合并HFpEF患者必要时可联合使用SGLT2抑制剂、醛固酮受体拮抗剂和ARNI。2026版美国糖尿病指南指出,对于T2DM合并肥胖、HFpEF且为症状性心力衰竭的患者,新增推荐降糖方案中包括双重GIP/GLP‑1RA或GLP‑1RA[226‑227]。

6.不建议在心力衰竭患者中使用噻唑烷二酮类药物(包括吡格列酮和罗格列酮)。

(二)推荐理由
对于糖尿病前期或T2DM合并HFrEF的患者,RAAS抑制剂、β受体阻滞剂、SGLT2抑制剂和盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂均可降低心血管死亡和心力衰竭住院风险[118‑119,228‑243]。SGLT2抑制剂可减少HFpEF患者的心血管复合终点事件风险、心力衰竭发生和心力衰竭恶化[135,244‑247]。ARNI可改善HErEF合并糖尿病前期人群(心力衰竭住院、心血管死亡和全因死亡)及T2DM患者(心力衰竭住院)的预后[245],非奈利酮可减少合并CKD的T2DM患者的心力衰竭住院风险[244,248],同时也可以降低射血分数保留的心力衰竭患者再发心力衰竭事件和心血管死亡[249]。噻唑烷二酮类药物(包括吡格列酮和罗格列酮)可增加水钠潴留和心力衰竭风险[250‑251]。


四、合并有阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)的管理
(一)推荐建议
1.存在OSA相关症状(如打鼾、白天睡眠时间延长和有呼吸暂停表现等)的T2DM患者应积极进行筛查。

2.推荐积极治疗OSA(包括改善生活方式、持续性正压通气、佩戴口腔矫治器和手术等),可明显提高生活质量,改善高血压。

3.可使用GIP和GLP‑1双受体激动剂替尔泊肽治疗成人肥胖患者的中度至重度OSA。

(二)推荐理由
OSA是一种复杂的疾病,可引起严重的心脏代谢并发症,包括高血压、T2DM、冠心病、卒中、心力衰竭和心房颤动[252]。在T2DM患者中,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的发生率可能高达23%[253]。其诊断依赖于睡眠监测。积极治疗睡眠呼吸暂停对于血糖的调节作用尚无定论[254]。SURMOUNT‑OSAⅢ期临床试验揭示,在接受或未接受气道正压通气(positive airway pressure,PAP)治疗的中度至重度OSA肥胖受试者中接受替尔泊肽(10或15 mg)治疗,与安慰剂组相比,替尔泊肽组受试者呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea‑hypopnea index,AHI)平均降低了62.8%(睡眠中呼吸受限或气流完全阻塞的次数减少了约30次/h)。这是中国国家药品监督管理局(national medical products administration,NMPA)批准的除T2DM和长期体重管理2项适应证之外的另一适应证。


五、合并有代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction‑associated fatty liver disease, MASLD)的管理
(一)推荐建议
1.对于T2DM或糖尿病前期人群(尤其合并肥胖、其他心脏代谢危险因素或确诊心血管疾病者),建议筛查MASLD。

2.对于合并MASLD的成人T2DM或糖尿病前期患者(尤其超重或肥胖者),应采用多学科协作模式强化生活方式干预。

3.对于合并MASLD的T2DM成人患者,可考虑使用GLP‑1RA、GIP/GLP‑1双受体激动剂或有证据的SGLT2抑制剂进行血糖管理。

4.对于经活检证实MASH或非侵入性检查提示肝纤维化高风险的T2DM成人患者,推荐优先使用吡格列酮、GLP‑1RA、GIP/GLP‑1双受体激动剂或有证据的SGLT2抑制剂进行血糖管理,可考虑联合吡格列酮与GLP‑1RA治疗。

(二)推荐理由
MASLD包括单纯性脂肪肝、MASH、肝纤维化、肝硬化,少数可以发展为肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)。T2DM是单纯性脂肪肝进展为MASH及不良肝脏结局的主要危险因素[255‑256],估计超过半数合并MASLD的T2DM患者存在脂肪性肝炎[257],这类患者发生肝硬化、HCC和肝移植的风险显著增加[258‑259],MASLD筛查的核心目标是识别高风险MASH患者以预防肝硬化、HCC、肝移植及全因死亡率[98,260]。

在选择降糖治疗方案时,需考虑患者是否合并MASLD或MASH。现有随机对照试验数据表明,吡格列酮、GLP‑1RA及GIP/GLP‑1双受体激动剂(如替尔泊肽)可能具有减少肝脏脂肪沉积、促进MASH缓解(且不加剧纤维化)的潜在益处,尤其适用于经活检确诊的MASH患者或通过无创检测评估为临床显著肝纤维化高风险人群[77,261‑264]。对于经活检证实MASH或存在明显肝纤维化风险的T2DM患者,联合使用吡格列酮、双重GIP/GLP‑1RA可安全有效地改善高血糖并减少肝脏脂肪沉积[226,265‑267]。ESSENCE研究显示,对于患有MASH和中度或重度肝纤维化的患者,每周注射1次2.4 mg司美格鲁肽可改善肝脏组织学结果[268]。

小结


本共识回顾了糖尿病前期和T2DM与ASCVD的流行病学现状,对生活方式、体重、血糖、血压、血脂等因素的管理,抗血小板药物的应用,以及常见合并症的管理给出了详细的推荐意见。本共识旨在为心血管内科、内分泌科、肾内科及全科医学科的临床医师,提供一套整合性、实用性的诊疗指导框架,以期提升多学科共病的早期诊断、及早干预、精准诊疗、改善预后全链条综合管理能力。
  • 作者: 心血管代谢联盟   

  • 作者单位:   

  • 通信作者: 霍勇,北京大学第一医院心血管内科,Email:huoyong@236.net.cn;纪立农,北京大学人民医院内分泌科,Email:jiln@bjmu.edu.cn;葛均波,复旦大学附属中山医院心血管内科,Email:jbge@zs‑hospital.sh.cn;陈璐璐,华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院内分泌科,Email:cheria_chen@126.com;黄恺,武汉大学人民医院心血管内科,Email:huangkai1@hust.edu.cn

  • 关键词: 糖尿病, 2型;动脉粥样硬化;心血管疾病

  • DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn116031.2026.1000200

  • 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重大项目(82495174)

  • 利益冲突: 无

  • 收稿日期: 2025-10-29

  • 录用日期: 2026-01-23

  • 本文编辑: 常青云,徐静

  • 摘要中文

    无

    摘要英文

    无






    本研究主要材料与器材

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    参考文献

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