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中国成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识(2023)

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引用格式: 中国心血管代谢联盟.中国成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识(2023)[J/OL]. 中华心血管病杂志(网络版),2023,6:e1000139(2023‑05‑16). http://www.cvjc.org.cn/index.php/Column/columncon/article_id/319. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn116031.2023. 1000141.

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发布日期: 2023/05/16    浏览量: 7989 次

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中国成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识(2023)
02:14
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中国成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识(2023)
02:04

引言


2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,ASCVD)的主要危险因素之一 [1],患病人数众多且增长迅速,危害巨大。目前已知,升高的血糖可通过损伤血管促进 ASCVD发生、发展和恶化。将T2DM及糖尿病前期与ASCVD进行共病管理,在确诊糖代谢异常早期即对患者进行综合干预,将有效减少ASCVD的发生率、致死率与致残率 [2]。近年来,大量流行病学与临床干预研究结果不断公布 [3‑6],使我们不仅从理论上,更从实践中对这2种疾病进行共病管理成为可能。为此,我国内分泌代谢病学、心血管病学和流行病学等多学科专家,在系统分析总结国内外心血管病和糖尿病领域最新研究进展,参考近年来国际、国内各相关领域指南与共识的基础上,发起并撰写了针对T2DM及其前期患者如何预防与管理ASCVD的共识。本共识旨在为心血管内科、内分泌科、肾内科和全科医学科医生提供一个较为全面的临床实践指导意见,以提高共病管理水平,改善患者心血管结局。

糖尿病前期和糖尿病的定义及诊断标准


1. 糖尿病前期:糖尿病前期指葡萄糖水平不符合糖尿病标准但高于正常范围的一种血糖代谢异常状态。糖尿病前期患者是指存在空腹血糖受损(impaired fasting glucose,IFG)和/或糖耐量受损(impaired glucose tolerance,IGT),或糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)为5.7%~6.4%的个体。诊断标准见表1。

2. 糖尿病:糖尿病是由遗传和环境因素共同引起的一组以高血糖为特征的临床综合征,其诊断标准见表1。

糖尿病前期和糖尿病的流行病学现状与疾病负担


一、我国糖尿病前期和糖尿病的流行情况
目前的全国数据显示,我国成人居民糖尿病前期年龄性别标化患病率为35.2%~38.1%,糖尿病年龄与性别标准化患病率为12.4%~12.8%[7‑8]。

我国糖尿病前期和糖尿病的患病率存在年龄、性别、地区和民族的差异。50岁及以上男性中糖尿病的加权患病率较高[7]。31个省的
糖尿病总患病率从贵州的6.2%到内蒙古的19.9%不等[7]。不同民族糖尿病前期和糖尿病的患病率有所差异,其中汉族糖尿病患病率最高[7]。

近30年来,我国糖尿病前期和糖尿病年龄标准化患病率呈增长趋势。与西方人口相比,糖尿病的知晓率、治疗率和控制率较低[9],中国成人患病率迅速上升[10‑14](表2)。


二、糖尿病前期和糖尿病增加我国居民的死亡和经济负担以及心血管疾病风险
1. 糖尿病前期和糖尿病导致的死亡负担:糖尿病前期人群的全因死亡率是非糖尿病人群的1.13倍(95%置信区间为1.10~1.17)[15]。据估计,糖尿病已成为导致中国居民死亡的第八位主要病因[16]。1990—2016年间,我国全年龄组糖尿病死亡率从6.3/10万上升到10.3/10万,增长了63.5%,糖尿病造成的总死亡人数增加了将近1倍。

1990—2016年我国糖尿病相关伤残调整寿命年(disability‑adjusted life year,DALY)值从427.47万人年上升到833.73万人年,增加了95%,糖尿病DALY的年龄标化率从502.0/10万上升到513.7/10万,仅增加了2.3%,表明人口增长和老龄化是导致T2DM相关DALY值上升的主要原因[17]。

2.糖尿病前期和糖尿病导致的经济负担:糖尿病的高患病率不仅影响了患者的健康状况,同时也对社会造成了严重的经济负担。调查显示,2019年,我国糖尿病相关经济负担约为1 560亿美元,占国内生产总值(gross domestic product,GDP)的1%[18]。2021年,我国与糖尿病相关的医疗支出高达1 653亿美元,位居世界第二。2025年预计可达1 700亿美元[18]。

3. 糖尿病前期和糖尿病对心血管疾病的影响:荟萃分析研究指出,在校正了多种危险因素之后,与健康人群相比,中国糖尿病前期人群复合心血管疾病发生风险(包括冠心病和卒中等)增加11%~18%[15]。中国糖尿病人群心血管疾病死亡风险是一般人群的1.90~2.26倍,研究估计中国每年约有50万例心血管疾病死亡事件可归因于糖尿病[1]。

糖尿病前期和2型糖尿病患者的生活方式管理


一、生活方式管理推荐建议
1. 优先选择低血糖生成指数碳水化合物(如全谷物)。增加膳食纤维摄入。用不饱和脂肪代替饱和脂肪、避免摄入反式脂肪酸。

3.不推荐常规服用维生素或矿物质补充剂来控制血糖或改善T2DM患者的心血管风险。有微量营养素缺乏的患者,可根据营养状况适量补充。

4.每日食盐摄入量不超过5 g。

5.不吸烟和戒烟,不饮酒或限酒(酒精量:男性< 25 g/d,女性<15 g/d,每周不超过2次)。

6.每周至少应进行150 min中等强度有氧运动或75 min剧烈有氧运动(可组合)。

7.推荐每日睡眠时长6~8 h。

8.推荐综合生活方式管理。


二、推荐理由
根据最新版中国居民膳食指南建议,一般人群碳水化合物的摄入推荐比例为总热量的50%~65%。进一步限制碳水化合物摄入量的饮食可能有助于T2DM人群的血糖控制[19],但针对T2DM人群的具体碳水化合物比例尚不明确。糖尿病前期和T2DM人群研究发现,健康型低碳水化合物膳食与死亡风险降低显著相关[20‑21]。T2DM患者的总膳食纤维、可溶性膳食纤维以及非可溶性膳食纤维每增加1 g,卒中发生风险分别下降18%、52%和21%[22];总多不饱和脂肪酸、n‑3多不饱和脂肪酸和亚油酸与总死亡风险降低显著相关,而反式脂肪和来源于动物而非植物的单不饱和脂肪酸与较高的总死亡风险相关[23‑24];补充n‑3多不饱和脂肪酸可降低T2DM患者甘油三酯和炎症因子水平[25‑27]。坚果摄入与T2DM患者心血管病发生和死亡风险降低显著相关[28]。此外,大型前瞻性队列研究发现,较高的血清维生素D水平与T2DM患者心血管和微血管并发症、痴呆以及全因死亡和心血管病死亡风险下降呈显著的剂量‑反应关系[29‑33]。同时,较高的血清硒水平与T2DM患者心血管病死亡以及全因死亡风险下降呈线性剂量‑反应关系[34],而血清叶酸和维生素B12水平与T2DM患者心血管病死亡风险呈非线性剂量‑反应关系[35]。值得注意的是,最新的队列研究发现较高的血清β‑胡萝卜素水平与T2DM患者心血管病死亡风险增加显著相关[36]。然而,目前尚缺乏能证实因果关系的临床干预研究的证据。

定期有氧运动训练与T2DM患者HbA1c水平的降低和心肺功能的提升存在关联性[37‑39]。在T2DM患者和糖尿病前期人群中,吸烟与心血管病、微血管并发症、血糖控制不良、死亡风险的增加显著相关[40‑44]。戒烟可显著降低心血管病的发病与死亡风险。在T2DM吸烟患者中的研究发现,相较于吸烟者,戒烟超过6年的T2DM患者心血管并发症和全因死亡风险均显著降低,且体重变化不会影响长期戒烟的益处[45]。睡眠时间与T2DM患者的HbA1c水平、心血管病和死亡风险呈U型关系,睡眠时间过长(>8 h)或过短(<6 h)可能都不利于健康[46‑47]。

总体而言,在糖尿病前期和T2DM人群中,进行膳食、戒烟、限酒、定期体力活动和睡眠等多方面的综合生活方式管理与心血管和微血管并发症、癌症和死亡风险的降低显著相关 [43, 48‑52]。

糖尿病前期及2型糖尿病的体重管理


一、体重管理推荐建议
1. 每年至少检测一次身高、体重以计算体重指数(body mass index,BMI),并测量腰围,评估体重变化趋势。

2.体重管理目标:BMI≥24 kg/m2的糖尿病前期或T2DM患者应减重,建议每天保持500~700 kcal的能量负平衡,一般将减重目标定为当前体重的10%以上。

3.饮食管理和运动等生活方式干预是体重管理的基础。

4.对于生活方式干预后体重仍不达标者,可进一步联合使用具有减重作用的胰高糖素样肽‑1受体(glucagon‑like peptide‑1 receptor,GLP‑1R)激动剂(限T2DM患者)或奥利司他。

5. BMI≥32.5 kg/m2且经过非手术治疗未能达到持续减重和改善并发症效果(包括高血糖)的T2DM患者,推荐代谢手术治疗;对BMI在 27.5~32.4 kg/m2且经过非手术治疗未达到上述效果的T2DM患者,亦可考虑将代谢手术作为一种治疗选择;对经改变生活方式和药物治疗难以控制血糖、BMI在25.0~27.4 kg/m2,且至少符合2项代谢综合征组分的T2DM患者,考虑手术治疗前需严格评估风险获益比,慎重决定。


二、推荐理由
肥胖,尤其是腹型肥胖,是ASCVD的独立危险因素。中国人24≤BMI<28 kg/m2为超重,BMI≥28 kg/m2为肥胖;男性腰围≥90 cm,女性腰围≥85 cm为中心型肥胖(腹型肥胖)[53]。

减重的目的不仅在于控制体重本身,更重要的是改善多重ASCVD危险因素,以减少ASCVD发病率和病死率[54‑57]。

减重膳食的组成原则为低能量、低脂肪、适量优质蛋白质、含复杂碳水化合物(如全谷类),增加新鲜蔬菜和水果在膳食中的比重。

奥利司他可明显改善糖尿病前期或T2DM合并肥胖患者的体重[58‑60]。利拉鲁肽和司美格鲁肽对糖尿病前期或T2DM合并超重、肥胖的患者具有良好的减重效果,同时可改善糖脂代谢异常[61‑62]。其他口服降糖药中,二甲双胍不增加体重并有轻度的减重效果[63];钠‑葡萄糖协同转运蛋2(sodium‑dependent glucose transporters 2,SGLT2)抑制剂具有轻到中度减重效果[64];阿卡波糖有轻度的减重效果[65]。降糖药物按照减重作用程度不同,可分为以下几类。(1)作用非常强:替尔泊肽、司美格鲁肽;(2)作用较强:利拉鲁肽;(3)作用中等:除上述以外的GLP‑1R激动剂、SGLT2抑制剂、二甲双胍;(4)无影响:二肽基肽酶4(dipeptidyl peptidase‑4,DPP‑4)抑制剂。

代谢手术在治疗肥胖T2DM及其他肥胖引起的代谢异常方面显示了独特优势[54‑65]。有证据表明,代谢手术治疗肥胖的T2DM患者在长期血糖、体重控制和并发症的预防方面具有明显优势[66‑67]。

糖尿病前期及2型糖尿病的血糖管理


一、血糖管理推荐建议
(一)糖尿病前期和T2DM的筛查
以空腹血糖、口服葡萄糖耐量试验及HbA1c检测对T2DM高危人群每年进行糖尿病筛查。高危人群指:(1)有糖尿病前期史;(2)年龄≥40岁;(3)BMI≥24 kg/m2和(或)中心型肥胖;(4)一级亲属有糖尿病史;(5)缺乏体力活动者;(6)有巨大儿分娩史或有妊娠期糖尿病病史的女性;(7)有多囊卵巢综合征病史的女性;(8)有黑棘皮病者;(9)有高血压史或正在接受降压治疗者;(10)高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL‑C)<0.90 mmol/L 和(或)甘油三酯>2.22 mmol/L,或正在接受调脂药治疗者;(11)有ASCVD病史;(12)有类固醇类药物使用史;(13)长期接受抗精神病药物或抗抑郁症药物治疗;(14)中国糖尿病风险评分总分≥ 25 分[68]。

(二)糖尿病前期的T2DM预防
1.改善生活方式是基础。

2.二甲双胍应作为首选预防用药。若二甲双胍不耐受、治疗无效,或存在使用禁忌时,可考虑使用阿卡波糖。

3.合并冠心病的糖尿病前期人群,可考虑使用阿卡波糖。

4.有近期卒中病史且伴胰岛素抵抗的糖尿病前期人群,可考虑使用吡格列酮以降低卒中和心肌梗死风险。

(三)T2DM的血糖管理
1. 血糖控制目标:(1)建议非妊娠患者HbA1c控制在<7.0%;对于体弱者,可考虑将HbA1c控制在<7.5%;对于病程较长、预期寿命有限以及年老或体弱的成年T2DM患者,应考虑将HbA1c控制在< 8.0%。(2)建议餐前毛细血管血糖控制在4.4~7.0 mmol/L,餐后毛细血管血糖峰值(通常在进餐开始后1~2 h)控制在<10.0 mmol/L。

2.生活方式干预是基础(详见“生活方式管理”部分)。

3. 药物治疗:(1)伴有ASCVD或心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)高危人群建议优先使用经证实有心血管获益的GLP‑1R激动剂和(或)SGLT2抑制剂,若同时合并心力衰竭或慢性肾脏病,建议优先使用SGLT2抑制剂;(2)对于没有GLP‑1R激动剂和(或)SGLT2抑制剂强适应证的T2DM患者,二甲双胍可以作为常规的一线降糖药物;(3)二甲双胍与GLP‑1R激动剂、SGLT2抑制剂联合使用是合理的;(4)其他降糖药物可根据血糖控制的需求个体化地应用;(5)如果患者处于严重高血糖状态(如HbA1c>10%或血糖水平>16.7 mmol/L,伴有明显高血糖相关症状)或明显分解代谢状态(体重明显减轻),则应考虑启用胰岛素治疗。


二、推荐理由
对糖尿病前期患者进行生活方式干预可以显著延缓甚至逆转其进展为T2DM的进程[69‑72]并减少远期全因死亡和心血管相关死亡[73]。二甲双胍和阿卡波糖可以显著延缓糖尿病前期进展为T2DM[74‑76]。小规模研究显示,二甲双胍可以减少糖尿病前期合并稳定期ASCVD患者的复合心血管事件风险[77]。

GLP‑1R激动剂能够减少T2DM患者ASCVD心血管事件风险(包括非致死性心肌梗死和卒中等)[78‑80]。SGLT2抑制剂可以减少心血管高危T2DM患者主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)和心血管死亡的发生,特别是在合并ASCVD的T2DM患者中作用更明显[3‑4, 79]。此外,SGLT2抑制剂对于心力衰竭患者预后的改善和对肾脏的保护作用已得到多个随机对照临床研究结果的证实[81‑84]。

二甲双胍使新诊断、不伴心血管疾病但超重或肥胖的T2DM患者心肌梗死事件发生率减少39%,冠状动脉死亡减少50%,卒中发生率减少41%[2]。

吡格列酮降低糖尿病前期患者发展为T2DM的风险[85]。对糖尿病前期和T2DM患者,吡格列酮延缓动脉粥样硬化进展[86],减少心肌梗死和卒中风险,但未减少全因死亡率,且增加水肿、体重上升、骨折和心力衰竭的发生风险[87‑89],临床应该谨慎应用。

糖尿病前期和2型糖尿病患者的血压管理


一、血压管理推荐建议
(一)危险分层
对糖尿病前期、T2DM合并高血压患者进行心血管风险分层,需综合考虑其他心血管危险因素、靶器官损害和临床并发症,具体分层方法详见《中国高血压防治指南(2018年修订版) 》[90]。

(二)降压目标
1. 对于合并高血压患者,应根据患者实际情况,个体化确定患者的血压目标:糖尿病前期合并高血压患者推荐血压控制目标为<140/90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa);能耐受者、伴有微量白蛋白尿者和部分高危及以上的患者可进一步降至< 130/80 mmHg。T2DM合并高血压的患者,推荐血压控制目标为<130/80 mmHg。

2. 糖尿病合并妊娠者,建议血压控制目标为 ≤135/85 mmHg。

(三)降压方案
1. 对于糖尿病前期合并高血压的中危患者,在改善生活方式的基础上,血压仍≥140/90 mmHg时,应启动药物治疗。

2. 对于糖尿病前期合并高血压的高危和极高危患者,立即启动降压治疗。

3.T2DM合并血压持续≥130/80 mmHg的患者,在能耐受的情况下,可将血压降至低于此水平。

4.降压药物的选择:(1)推荐起始使用肾素‑血管紧张素‑醛固酮系统(renin‑angiotensin‑ aldosterone system,RAAS)阻滞剂[血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂/血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI/angiotensin receptor blocker,ARB)或血管紧张素受体脑啡肽酶抑制剂(angiotensin receptor‑neprilysin inhibitor,ARNI)]用于治疗T2DM合并高血压,尤其是伴有微量白蛋白尿、白蛋白尿、慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney diseae,CKD)、左心室肥大、冠心病及心力衰竭时。(2)当诊室血压≥160/100 mmHg或高于目标血压20/10 mmHg及以上,以及高危患者或单药未达标的患者,应启动2种降压药物的联合方案。优先推荐RAAS阻滞剂联合钙通道阻滞剂或者利尿剂降压,对伴有心率增快(静息心率>80 次/min)或者合并冠心病和心力衰竭者,可考虑加用β受体阻滞剂。在2种药物联合方案中,优先推荐单片固定复方制剂。(3)如血压仍不能控制达标,可考虑三联药物治疗,最佳的三药联合方案为RAAS阻滞剂(ARNI或ACEI/ARB)+钙通道阻滞剂+利尿剂。(4)如已使用3种药物进行联合降压治疗后血压仍难以控制,可加用盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂或α受体阻滞剂,并应筛查继发性高血压,同时需评估降压药物治疗方案的合理性(药物的种类与剂量)及患者服药依从性。

5.对于无明确心血管并发症的糖尿病前期患者,若无明确交感神经激活的表现(如静息心率> 80次/min),慎用β受体阻滞剂或噻嗪类利尿剂。

6.使用RAAS阻滞剂(ARNI或ACEI/ARB)时,应当监测血钾水平和肾小球滤过率。


二、推荐理由
T2DM和糖尿病前期患者中高血压的患病率高于血糖正常人群,高血压在T2DM、糖尿病前期和血糖正常人群中的患病率分别为55.5%、36.6%和25.0%[91],我国门诊就诊的T2DM患者中约30%伴有高血压。

研究显示,在糖尿病前期人群强化降压(收缩压<120 mmHg)较常规降压(收缩压<140 mmHg)可进一步减少复合心血管事件的发生,但显著增加T2DM的危险和空腹血糖异常发生率[92‑93]。但在基线血压≥140/90 mmHg的T2DM患者中,降压治疗能够减少心血管复合终点事件(非致死性心肌梗死、非致死性卒中、心血管死亡)及延缓蛋白尿和视网膜病变的发生发展;强化降压(收缩压<120 mmHg)较常规降压(收缩压<140 mmHg)没有进一步减少T2DM患者MACE风险[94‑95]。近期研究表明,T2DM合并高血压患者的降压幅度与心血管事件发生呈U型曲线,血压<120/70 mmHg时心血管事件风险显著增加[96‑97]。

不同类型降压药对糖代谢影响不同:RAAS阻滞剂有可能减少新发糖尿病风险,而阿替洛尔等β受体阻滞剂或噻嗪类利尿剂可能增加新发糖尿病风险,钙通道阻滞剂对新发糖尿病风险无影响[98]。对于同时合并冠心病的患者,建议使用β受体阻滞剂;合并心力衰竭者,可以根据需要使用利尿剂。

在T2DM伴高血压患者中,ARNI较ACEI或ARB能更有效地改善心脏重构、减轻蛋白尿; 对于合并ASCVD或尿白蛋白肌酐比值(urine albumin‑ to‑creatinine ratio,UACR)>30 mg/g的T2DM伴高血压患者, RAAS阻滞剂可显著减少心血管事件、延缓肾病进展[94, 99‑100]。

糖尿病前期及2型糖尿病的血脂管理


T2DM患者血脂异常的发生率明显高于非T2DM患者 [101],其主要表现为增高的甘油三酯、轻度升高的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL‑C),含载脂蛋白B(apolipoprotein B,apoB)残粒升高,以及低HDL‑C水平 [102]。

一、 胆固醇管理
(一)胆固醇管理推荐建议
1. 糖尿病前期和T2DM患者心血管疾病的危险分层:(1)由于糖尿病前期仅轻度增加CVD风险,糖尿病前期人群参照普通人群进行危险分层[详见《中国胆固醇教育计划调脂治疗降低心血管事件专家建议(2019)》[103]];(2)根据T2DM病程长短、是否合并ASCVD及主要靶器官损害,将T2DM患者分为高危、极高危和超高危组。分类方法见表3。

2. 糖尿病前期和T2DM患者LDL‑C控制目标:(1)建议糖尿病前期和T2DM患者根据心血管疾病危险分层确定LDL‑C控制目标值;(2)对于低危患者,LDL‑C控制目标为<3.4 mmol/L;(3)对于中/高危患者,LDL‑C控制目标为<2.6 mmol/L;(4)对于极高危患者,LDL‑C控制目标为<1.8 mmol/L且较治疗前降幅>50%;(5)对于超高危患者,建议LDL‑C尽快降至<1.4 mmol/L且较治疗前降幅>50%。

3.糖尿病前期和T2DM患者的降胆固醇治疗方案:(1)推荐40岁及以上的T2DM患者,无论基线胆固醇水平如何,均使用他汀类药物进行ASCVD一级预防;(2)中等强度他汀类药物应作为降胆固醇治疗的基础用药;(3)单用他汀类药物治疗后LDL‑C不达标者,建议联用胆固醇吸收抑制剂和(或)前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素/kexin 9型(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,PCSK9)抑制剂;(4)他汀类药物不耐受者,建议使用胆固醇吸收抑制剂和(或)PCSK9抑制剂;(5)他汀类药物禁用于妊娠期妇女。

(二)推荐理由
LDL‑C 是糖代谢异常患者调脂治疗的首要干预靶点,其控制目标值由心血管危险分层决定。对于中危或高危患者,将LDL‑C降至2.6 mmol/L以下可显著降低心血管事件风险或全因死亡率[104‑105]。对于极高危患者,LDL‑C降至1.4 mmol/L以下能进一步降低心血管事件风险[106‑108]。对于2年内再发主要心血管事件的超高危患者,可考虑将LDL‑C<1.0 mmol/L作为目标值且降幅较治疗前>50%[109‑110]。

他汀类药物是降低LDL‑C的一线用药,能显著降低T2DM患者的复合心血管事件和血运重建风险[111]。尽管他汀类药物可轻度增加T2DM风险[112‑114],但心血管净获益显著。

胆固醇吸收抑制剂和PCSK9抑制剂经由不同途径降低LDL‑C,均具有明确的心血管获益,可作为他汀类降脂药的有效补充。研究显示:(1)在他汀类药物治疗的基础上,加用依折麦布可以降低T2DM合并ASCVD患者24%心肌梗死风险和39%缺血性卒中风险[56];(2)对于他汀类药物联合依折麦布治疗后血脂仍不达标的极高危ASCVD患者(T2DM占比约30%),PCSK9抑制剂在进一步降低LDL‑C的同时更显著降低心血管事件风险[108, 115‑116],且不增加新发T2DM风险[108, 117];(3)与糖代谢正常或糖尿病前期合并急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者相比,在他汀类药物治疗的基础上,短期联合PCSK9抑制剂强化降脂能使T2DM合并ACS患者心血管不良事件风险的绝对降幅更大[118];(4)在他汀类药物治疗的基础上联合PCSK9抑制剂能让合并T2DM的ASCVD患者(包括陈旧性心肌梗死、缺血性卒中、有症状的外周血管疾病)较非T2DM患者产生更大的获益[117];(5)早期使用他汀类药物联合PCSK9抑制剂的强化降脂治疗带来的保护作用可以长时间存在,且不增加糖代谢异常的风险[119]。

作用于PCSK9位点的药物还包括小干扰RNA制剂Inclisiran,其可靶向肝脏降解PCSK9 mRNA,进而减少其蛋白合成。全球大型3期临床研究 ORION‑9、ORION‑10、ORION‑11 结果显示,每半年注射一次Inclisiran可长久平稳地降低LDL‑C水平,降幅达到50%~55%[120‑122],且总体安全耐受性良好。相较于目前的PCSK9抑制剂,Inclisiran可显著提高患者依从性[123‑124]。探索性终点分析显示Inclisiran降低25%的心血管复合终点事件风险[125]。


二、 甘油三酯管理
(一)推荐建议
1. 对于轻‑中度高甘油三酯血症患者,推荐控制生活方式相关因素(肥胖和代谢综合征)和其他影响因素(T2DM、慢性肝病、慢性肾病、肾病综合征和甲状腺功能降低)。

2.对于重度高甘油三酯血症患者,建议筛查导致甘油三酯升高的可能影响因素并予以降甘油三酯药物(如贝特类)治疗以降低胰腺炎风险。

3.对于合并ASCVD或者心血管危险因素且他汀治疗后LDL‑C达标的高甘油三酯患者,可考虑加用二十碳五烯酸乙酯以进一步降低心血管疾病风险。

(二)推荐理由
甘油三酯升高也会增加心血管事件风险[126]。对于T2DM患者高甘油三酯的管理,建议以改善生活方式为主,包括清淡和低糖饮食、加强体育锻炼、减重和戒酒等[127‑128]。对于轻‑中度高甘油三酯血症患者(空腹甘油三酯2.30~5.65 mmol/L),他汀类药物仍然是降脂治疗的首选[128]。对于中度高甘油三酯血症合并ASCVD或者T2DM伴至少一种其他心血管危险因素的患者,在他汀类药物治疗的基础上加用二十碳五烯酸乙酯可进一步降低心血管复合终点事件风险[129]。对于在他汀类药物治疗的基础上,联合贝特类药物是否进一步有心血管获益仍无一致结论[130],有待于进一步研究。

三、 脂蛋白(a)管理
(一)推荐建议
1. 成年人终生至少检测一次脂蛋白(a) [lipoprotein(a),Lp (a)]水平。

2.Lp (a)水平与ASCVD疾病风险具有正相关性,对于中国患者,Lp(a)>30 mg/dl者ASCVD风险显著增加。

3.对于Lp(a)升高的患者,强化生活方式干预、LDL‑C及其他危险因素控制是基础。

(二)推荐理由
Lp (a)水平高低与遗传因素密切相关(遗传因素影响占比>90%)。而T2DM患者Lp (a)水平与ASCVD风险呈正相关[131‑134]。反义寡核苷酸药物Pelacarsen通过靶向作用于载脂蛋白a的mRNA,抑制其转化为蛋白质,使Lp(a)降低70%~90%,总体安全性良好[135],以心血管事件为终点的三期临床试验正在进行。

糖尿病前期及2型糖尿病患者的抗血小板药物治疗


一、抗血小板药物使用的推荐建议
1. 对于ASCVD高危患者,需在全面评估获益和出血风险的基础上谨慎考虑阿司匹林的使用,不推荐阿司匹林用于40岁以下和70岁以上患者的一级预防[136]。

2.无充分证据表明将P2Y12受体拮抗剂、吲哚布芬、西洛他唑及双嘧达莫用于T2DM患者ASCVD的一级预防有显著的临床净获益。

3.建议小剂量阿司匹林(75~100 mg/d)用于ASCVD合并T2DM患者的二级预防,若不耐受则使用氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛、吲哚布芬或西洛他唑(经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后)替代。

4.在急性冠状动脉综合征(acute conoary syndrome,ACS)或者冠状动脉支架置入术后1年内的患者使用双联抗血小板治疗(低剂量阿司匹林和P2Y12受体抑制剂)是合理的。

5.对于既往有冠状动脉介入治疗史且存在高缺血和低出血风险的T2DM合并慢性冠状动脉综合征患者,可考虑长期双联抗血小板治疗。

6.对于稳定性冠心病和(或)外周动脉疾病且出血风险低的患者,可考虑采用阿司匹林联合低剂量利伐沙班,以预防肢体和脑血管事件。


二、推荐理由
T2DM患者采用阿司匹林一级预防可显著降低严重血管事件的风险,但同时出血风险也增加,其绝对获益大部分被出血风险抵消[137]。荟萃分析显示,对于T2DM患者,阿司匹林一级预防显著增加大出血风险[138‑139]。

阿司匹林对ASCVD的二级预防作用已经非常明确[140]。对于ACS且已行冠状动脉支架置入术的T2DM患者,在阿司匹林治疗基础上,联合普拉格雷较氯吡格雷降低30% MACE发生率[141],且不增加大出血的发生率。同时,既往发生心肌梗死的T2DM患者中,阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛较阿司匹林单药显著降低心血管事件风险、心血管死亡率和冠心病死亡率[142]。值得注意的是,在合并稳定性冠心病的T2DM患者中,延长双联抗血小板治疗时间虽然减少缺血事件发生率,但显著增加包括颅内出血在内的大出血的发生[143‑144]。因此,双联抗血小板治疗不推荐用于出血风险高的T2DM合并稳定性冠心病患者。对于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后服用(12±6)个月双联抗血小板治疗且未出现心血管事件的患者,继续长期使用氯吡格雷单药治疗较阿司匹林单药治疗的心血管事件发生率更低、出血事件发生率也更低,提示长期氯吡格雷单药治疗可能带来更多临床获益[145]。阿司匹林联合低剂量利伐沙班较阿司匹林单药显著减少T2DM合并稳定性冠心病或外周动脉疾病患者MACE[146],此获益主要来源于全因死亡、脑血管事件和肢体血管事件的减少。

2型糖尿病合并动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病患者的并发症与合并症管理


一、慢性肾脏病管理
(一)慢性肾脏病管理的推荐建议
1. 对于糖尿病前期或T2DM合并CKD的患者,优先选择具有肾脏获益的药物,同时监测估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)、UACR和血钾水平,并据此调整药物种类和剂量。

2.降糖药物中,优先推荐SGLT2抑制剂以延缓肾病进展[当eGFR≥20 ml·(min·1.73 m2)‑1时],当存在SGLT2抑制剂使用禁忌或不能耐受时,推荐给予有心血管获益的GLP‑1R激动剂。

3.T2DM合并CKD的患者推荐使用RAAS抑制剂(ACEI/ARB、ARNI)治疗,治疗过程中出现血肌酐升高>30%时应暂停药物使用。

4.为了改善心血管和肾脏结局,在合并蛋白尿且eGFR≥25 ml·(min·1.73 m2)‑1时可考虑使用非奈利酮治疗,治疗前后需监测血钾变化。

(二)推荐理由
SGLT2抑制剂可改善T2DM合并肾脏病患者的预后[147],这种作用独立于其降糖效应存在,与其降低血压、减轻体重、减低肾小球囊内压、减少蛋白尿、延缓肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)下降密切相关。GLP‑1R激动剂也具有直接的肾脏保护作用,可改善肾脏预后[80,148‑150]。

RAAS抑制剂是T2DM合并CKD患者的基础治疗,尤其对于同时合并高血压的患者,可进一步延缓蛋白尿的进展。同时,非甾体选择性盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂非奈利酮可显著延缓伴有蛋白尿的CKD进展并降低心血管终点事件风险[151‑155]。


二、糖尿病视网膜病变管理
(一)糖尿病视网膜病变管理的推荐建议
1. 对无视网膜病变且血糖控制良好的T2DM患者,每年进行一次视网膜检查。若存在视网膜病变,则视情况增加检查频率。

2.强化T2DM患者血糖、血压和血脂的综合管理,积极改善患者微循环功能障碍,可预防或延缓T2DM患者视网膜病变进展、缓解症状,但是已经有较重病变者不宜强化降糖。

3.对于合并高甘油三酯血症的患者,使用非诺贝特可延缓视网膜病变进展。

4.推荐玻璃体腔注射抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)抑制剂作为损伤视力的视网膜黄斑水肿的一线治疗,也可用于一部分视网膜增殖性病变患者以替代光凝疗法。玻璃体内激素治疗可以作为第二选择。

(二)推荐理由
虽然强化降糖可以预防视网膜病变的发生,但是对于已经有非增殖性中度以上病变患者会加重视网膜病变甚至失明,因此较重病变者不宜强化降糖[156]。对于合并高血压的患者,降压治疗可以减少糖尿病视网膜病变进展,但强化降压并没有带来进一步获益[157]。非诺贝特可以延缓高甘油三酯血症患者的糖尿病视网膜病变进展,尤其是非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变[158‑159]。目前,通过改善微循环来防治糖尿病视网膜病变是一个活跃的领域,多项临床研究正在进行[160],已完成的研究提示复方丹参滴丸可以延缓病情进展并改善症状[161‑162]。

玻璃体内注射抗VEGF抑制剂对延缓增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变有效,对黄斑中心受累型糖尿病黄斑水肿的作用优于激光单一疗法;在视力保护方面不劣于全视网膜激光光凝治疗[163‑166]。
皮质类固醇可通过多种机制产生抗炎作用,帮助修复视网膜屏障并减少渗出[167]。

三、心力衰竭管理
(一)心力衰竭推荐建议
1. 对于没有症状或者症状不典型的心力衰竭高危人群,推荐每年进行心脏超声和脑钠肽/N末端B型利钠肽前体(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP/N‑terminal pro‑B‑type natriuretic peptide,NT‑proBNP)检测(诊断界值见表4),以筛查早期心力衰竭患者。

2.推荐使用SGLT2抑制剂以减少心力衰竭的发病及住院风险。

3.合并射血分数下降的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFrEF)患者推荐联合使用RAAS抑制剂(优先使用ARNI或以ARNI替换ACEI/ARB)、有证据的β受体阻滞剂和盐皮质受体拮抗剂(非奈利酮优先)。

4.合并射血分数中间值的心力衰竭(heart failure with mid‑range ejection fraction,HFmrEF)患者必要时可联合使用ARNI/ACEI/ARB,盐皮质受体拮抗剂和β受体阻滞剂。

5.合并射血分数保留心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)患者必要时可联合使用盐皮质受体拮抗剂和ARNI。

6.不建议在心力衰竭患者中使用噻唑烷二酮类药物(包括吡格列酮和罗格列酮)。

(二)推荐理由
对于糖尿病前期或T2DM合并HFrEF的患者,RAAS抑制剂、β受体阻滞剂、盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂和SGLT2抑制剂均可改善心血管死亡和心力衰竭住院风险[168‑185]。SGLT2抑制剂可减少HFpEF患者的心血管复合终点事件风险、心力衰竭发生和心力衰竭恶化[97,186‑189]。ARNI可改善HErEF合并糖尿病前期患者(心力衰竭住院、心血管死亡和全因死亡)及T2DM患者(心力衰竭住院)的预后[188],非奈利酮可减少合并CKD的T2DM患者的心力衰竭住院风险[189]。噻唑烷二酮类药物(包括吡格列酮和罗格列酮)可增加水钠潴留和心力衰竭风险[190‑191]。


四、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停管理
(一)阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停管理推荐建议
1. 存在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停相关症状(如打鼾、白天睡眠时间延长、有呼吸暂停表现等)的T2DM患者应积极进行筛查。

2.推荐积极治疗睡眠呼吸暂停(包括改善生活方式、持续性正压通气、佩戴口腔矫治器和手术等),可明显提高生活质量、改善高血压。

(二)推荐理由
在T2DM患者中,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的发生率可能高达23%[192]。其诊断依赖于睡眠监测。积极治疗睡眠呼吸暂停对于血糖的调节作用尚无定论[193]。


五、非酒精性脂肪性肝病管理
(一)非酒精性脂肪性肝病管理推荐建议
1. T2DM患者应该筛查非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD),特别是超重肥胖的患者。

2. T2DM合并NAFLD的患者如果有治疗NAFLD需要时可选吡格列酮或利拉鲁肽。

(二)推荐理由
NAFLD包括单纯性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化、肝硬化,少数可以发展为肝癌。因为检查技术和方法不同,文献中报道的T2DM人群中NAFLD患病率差异大(50%~80%)[194‑198]。NAFLD是ASCVD的高危因素,CVD是其首要死因,并与其肝脏病变严重程度无关[199]。要重视糖尿病前期及T2DM人群NAFLD的早筛、早诊和早期干预[194‑197]。T2DM患者合并NAFLD时,除了防治ASCVD,还须重视肝脏病变(包括肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝癌等)的定期监测和防治,对活动性肝脏炎症进行专科干预是必要的。在降糖药中,吡格列酮具有抗动脉粥样硬化且抑制肝纤维化进展作用。同时,有研究指出,利拉鲁肽有潜在的减少肝脏内脂肪和肝纤维化作用,尤其对于肥胖患者[194‑196,198]。

小结


综上所述,本共识回顾了糖尿病前期和T2DM与ASCVD的流行病学现状,对生活方式、体重、血糖、血压和血脂等因素的管理、抗血小板药物的应用、常见合并症的管理给出了详细的推荐建议。希望本共识可以给心血管内科、内分泌科、肾内科和全科医学科医生提供一个较为全面的临床实践指导意见,以提高共病管理水平,改善患者心血管健康与结局。
  • 作者: 中国心血管代谢联盟   

  • 作者单位:   

  • 通信作者: 霍勇,北京大学第一医院心血管内科,Email:huoyong@236.net.cn;纪立农,北京大学人民医院内分泌科,Email:jiln@bjmu.edu.cn;葛均波,复旦大学附属中山医院心血管内科,Email:jbge@zshospital.sh.cn

  • 关键词: 2型糖尿病;动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病;共识

  • DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn116031.2023.1000141

  • 基金项目: 无

  • 利益冲突: 无

  • 收稿日期: 2023-03-08

  • 录用日期: 2023-04-17

  • 本文编辑: 史红

  • 摘要中文

    无

    摘要英文

    无
    无

    本研究主要材料与器材

    无

    参考文献

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